Comprehensive Guide to Québec and Canadian Immigration
Immigrating to Canada (including the province of Québec) involves multiple programs and processes. Québec has a unique role in immigration: it selects its own economic immigrants through the Certificat de sélection du Québec (CSQ)system and handles certain aspects of family sponsorship and refugee sponsorship for those settling in Québec. Meanwhile, the federal government (IRCC) manages admissions (issuing visas or permanent residency) and runs its own programs (applicable throughout Canada, including Québec in some cases). This guide provides an in-depth overview of major immigration pathways – family sponsorship, temporary visas (visitor, study, work), Québec’s CAQ and CSQ processes, skilled worker programs (federal Express Entry and Québec programs), business immigration, emergency permits, and refugee/asylum pathways. We also include relevant forms and links for each scenario. The goal is to help you navigate the procedures, requirements, and forms for immigrating to Canada or Québec in various situations.
Note: This is an overview with general guidance. Each program has detailed rules and nuances; wherever applicable I'll provide references to official sources and forms for further information. Always refer to the latest official instructions before applying, as policies can change. furthermore, we are only providing you with informations, for more in depth you should reach out to a certified immigration lawyer
Family Sponsorship (Spouses, Partners, Children, Parents)
Family reunification is a cornerstone of Canada’s immigration system. Canadian citizens or permanent residents can sponsor certain family members for permanent residence. The most common is spousal or partner sponsorship, followed by dependent children and parents or grandparents. In all cases, the sponsor must meet eligibility requirements (status in Canada, financial ability, etc.) and commit to an undertaking to support the sponsored family member for a period of time.
Who Can Be Sponsored: You may sponsor your spouse or common-law partner, your dependent children (including adopted children), or your parents and grandparents (the latter through a special program with limited intake). Other relatives (like siblings) are generally not eligible unless under specific orphans/alone-in-Canada provisions. Sponsors must be 18 or older and promise to provide for the basic needs of the sponsored person so they do not rely on social assistance.
Spousal and Partner Sponsorship: Sponsors can sponsor a spouse, common-law, or conjugal partner, whether the partner is overseas or already in Canada. A key requirement is proving the genuineness of the relationship. The sponsor signs an undertaking for 3 years to support the spouse/partner after they become a permanent resident. The application involves two parts submitted together: the sponsorship application by the sponsor and the permanent residence application by the sponsored person.
Forms and Documents (Spousal Sponsorship): The application is typically done online via IRCC’s portal now, but it still uses many standard IMM forms. Important forms include IMM 1344 – Application to Sponsor and Undertaking and IMM 5532 – Relationship Information and Sponsorship Evaluation (filled by sponsor and spouse). The sponsored person completes forms like IMM 0008 – Generic Application for Permanent Residence, IMM 5669 – Schedule A Background/Declaration, IMM 5406 – Additional Family Information, and so on. There is also a document checklist (IMM 5533 for spousal cases) that guides all required forms and evidence. Key evidence includes marriage or partnership proof, joint documents, photos, chat logs, etc., to establish the relationship. All forms and a detailed instruction guide (IMM 5289) are available in IRCC’s spousal sponsorship application kit.
Quebec-Specific Step: If the sponsor resides in Québec (or plans to settle in Québec with the sponsored family member), an additional step is required after IRCC’s approval of the sponsorship eligibility. Québec has its own conditions and requires the sponsor to submit an undertaking application to the Ministère de l’Immigration, de la Francisation et de l’Intégration (MIFI). In practice, you first submit the complete sponsorship application to IRCC. Once IRCC confirms the sponsor meets federal requirements, they will send a letter or email with instructions to download Québec’s sponsorship undertaking kit. The sponsor then submits the undertaking application to MIFI (Québec) along with a copy of IRCC’s letter. Québec will assess the sponsor’s financial ability and any previous default on sponsorships or support obligations. The Quebec government will inform IRCC of its decision. Only after Quebec approves the undertaking (often accompanied by issuing a CSQ for the sponsored person in family class) can IRCC finalize the permanent residence. Important: Québec’s financial requirements and length of undertaking can differ from federal rules. For example, sponsoring parents in Québec requires an undertaking of 10 years (whereas it is 20 years in other provinces), and income requirements (if applicable) are assessed by Québec authorities. Spouses/partners have a 3-year undertaking in Québec (same duration as rest of Canada).
Parent and Grandparent Sponsorship: This program is managed through periodic intakes (a lottery or invitation system due to high demand). Sponsors must meet high income requirements (minimum necessary income for the last 3 years) and sign a lengthy undertaking (20 years in most provinces, 10 years in Québec). When a Quebec-based sponsor is selected to apply, they must also undergo Quebec’s undertaking process similar to spousal cases. Forms for parent sponsorship include IMM 1344 as well, and additional forms for financial evaluation (IMM 5768) etc., plus the undertaking with Quebec for Quebec residents.
Other Relatives: In limited cases, other family members (like orphaned siblings, nieces/nephews, or one remaining relative) can be sponsored, but those are special cases not common, and Quebec would also play a role if applicable.
Key Takeaway: Family sponsorship involves a commitment by the sponsor to support the immigrant. Paperwork must be completed carefully and honestly. If you live in Québec, plan for an extra application to MIFI after initial federal processing. Always use the official document checklist for your category to include all required forms and documents. Missing documents can lead to return or refusal of the application.
Visitor Visas (Temporary Resident Visa) and eTA
Visitor Visa (TRV): A visitor visa is an official document (stamp or foil in your passport) issued by Canada that allows you to travel to a Canadian port of entry and seek admission as a temporary visitor. Citizens of most countries require a TRV to visit Canada for tourism, family visits, or short business trips. The standard visitor visa is a Temporary Resident Visa (TRV) which can be single-entry or multiple-entry, and typically allows stays in Canada up to 6 months per entry(the exact allowed stay is confirmed by the border officer).
To apply for a visitor visa, you generally apply online by creating an IRCC account and filling out the necessary forms and uploading documents. The main form for a TRV is IMM 5257 – Application for Temporary Resident Visa. (If you cannot apply online, a paper application is possible in specific cases using the IMM 5257 PDF, but online is preferred.) You will need a valid passport, photographs, proof of financial support for your visit, and ties to your home country (to satisfy the visa officer that you will return home). There is an application fee and if you haven’t given biometrics in the past 10 years, a biometric fee and appointment will be required.
Electronic Travel Authorization (eTA): Many travelers from visa-exempt countries do not need a visitor visa to fly to Canada. Instead, they must obtain an eTA if arriving by air. An Electronic Travel Authorization is a quick online authorization linked to your passport, valid for up to 5 years. It is required for visa-exempt foreign nationals (e.g., those from Western Europe, Australia, Japan, etc.) traveling to Canada by air. (U.S. citizens are exempt from needing a visa or eTA to visit Canada, but U.S. permanent residents do need an eTA when flying in.) The eTA application costs $7 CAD and is done online – usually approved within minutes. Important: If you need an eTA, you must get it before boarding your flight to Canada; airlines will check for it electronically.
For travelers coming to Canada by land or sea, an eTA is not required (even for visa-exempt nationals); only a valid passport is needed. However, visa-required nationals must always have a valid visa regardless of mode of travel.
Supporting Documents for TRV: When applying for a visitor visa, you should include documents that show the purpose of your trip (invitation letter from family or an itinerary for tourism), evidence of funds to cover your stay (bank statements, employment letters), and strong ties to your home country (such as a job, property, family obligations) to convince the officer you will leave Canada after your visit. If you have an invitation letter from someone in Canada, include that along with their address and status. If coming for business, include a letter from the host company or conference. Tip: Explain any compelling reason for your visit in a cover letter. Visa officers want to ensure you are a genuine visitor.
Multiple-Entry Visas and Duration: Most approved visitor visas are issued as multiple-entry, allowing travel to Canada repeatedly for the validity of the visa (up to 10 years or until your passport expires). Each entry you can generally stay up to 6 months, unless the border officer notes a different duration in your passport.
Super Visa for Parents/Grandparents: Canada offers a Super Visa for parents and grandparents of Canadian citizens/PRs. This is a multi-entry visa that can allow visits up to 5 years at a time without renewal. It requires proof of private medical insurance and that the host child meets a certain income. (Since this is a specialized case, consult IRCC’s Super Visa instructions if applicable.)
Application Links: To summarize, if you need a visitor visa, use the official IRCC online application portal. The form IMM 5257 can be downloaded if needed, but for an online application you fill it out electronically. If you are not sure whether you need a visa or eTA, IRCC provides a tool "Find out what you need to travel to Canada". Always double-check your requirements before booking travel.
Study Permits (Student Visas) – Studying in Canada and Québec
Canada is a popular destination for international students. To study in Canada for more than six months, you generally need a Study Permit (often called a student visa, though technically the visa is the travel document and the permit is the status document). The process has an extra step if you plan to study in Québec, due to provincial requirements.
Step 1: Acceptance to a DLI: First, you must secure admission to a Canadian school. The school must be a Designated Learning Institution (DLI) – a school approved by a provincial government to host international students. This includes universities, public colleges, many private institutions, etc. You will need a Letter of Acceptance from the DLI before you can apply for a study permit.
Step 2: CAQ for Québec (if applicable): If your school is in Québec, you must obtain a Québec Acceptance Certificate (CAQ) for studies before applying for the study permit. The CAQ is issued by the Québec government (MIFI) and essentially is Québec’s approval for you as an international student in the province. (Québec uses this to ensure the student fits within provincial immigration levels.) You apply for the CAQ online through Québec’s portal (now done via the Arrima online system). You will need to provide your letter of acceptance, pay a fee, and show proof of funds as required by Québec. Once approved, you receive an official attestation of issuance of the CAQ. This attestation letter must be included in your study permit application to IRCC. Note: A CAQ is required for programs of longer than 6 months in Québec. Short-term programs (6 months or less) do not require a CAQ or study permit. The CAQ for studies is usually valid for the length of your study program (up to a certain maximum plus 1-2 extra months).
Financial requirements for CAQ: Québec requires proof that you have sufficient funds to pay tuition and living expenses. This can include bank statements, scholarship letters, proof of parental funding, etc., similar to federal requirements. Ensure you provide all documents listed in the CAQ document checklist (identity pages of passport, admission letter, financial proofs, etc.). After submitting the online CAQ application, you may need to mail or upload copies of documents as instructed. Processing times for CAQ are usually a few weeks (it can vary, and may be longer during peak periods).
Step 3: Study Permit Application (IRCC): Once you have your letter of acceptance (and CAQ if studying in Québec), you apply to IRCC for the study permit. This can be done online through the IRCC portal. You will fill out the main form IMM 1294 – Application for Study Permit Made Outside Canada (if applying from abroad; or IMM 5709 if you are already in Canada extending/changing to a study permit). In the online system, IMM 1294 is completed electronically. You will also provide supporting documents:
Proof of Identity: Passport scans, and passport photos (meeting IRCC photo specs).
Letter of Acceptance: from your DLI.
CAQ: (if Québec) attach the CAQ approval/attestation letter. Important: The CAQ attestation must contain a line confirming you are counted under Québec’s quota (“...has a place in Quebec’s share of the distribution of study permit applications...”) – this is usually included automatically on the letter.
Proof of Financial Support: You must prove you can cover tuition for the first year and living expenses for yourself (and any accompanying family). Acceptable proofs include: bank statements, bank drafts, proof of scholarships or student loans, a letter from a sponsor (plus their financial documents), etc. IRCC provides guidelines for the minimum funds required (outside Québec, roughly $10,000 CAD/year for living expenses + tuition; in Québec, about $13,000 CAD/year for living plus tuition, with adjustments if family accompany).
Family Documents: If you are married or have children, you may need marriage or birth certificates and to apply for visas/permits for them (e.g. spouse open work permit or visitor status, and study permit for school-age children). The forms for those can be submitted with your application.
Letter of Explanation: Often students include a letter explaining why they chose Canada/Québec and the study program, and affirming understanding of their responsibility as a temporary resident (i.e., that you will leave Canada if you don’t have legal status or a further permit after studies). This is an opportunity to address the visa officer and clarify your intentions – for instance, if you plan to eventually apply for Post-Graduation Work Permit (PGWP) and maybe immigrate, you can mention your immediate goal is to study and that any further plans will follow legal processes. The key is to satisfy the officer that you are a bona fide student.
Biometrics and Interview: After submitting the application and fees (study permit fee and biometric fee if applicable), most applicants need to give biometrics (fingerprints and photo) at a Visa Application Centre. An interview is not typical for study permits, but in some cases an officer might request one or further documents.
After Approval: If approved outside Canada, you will get a Letter of Introduction (port of entry letter) and a visa stamped in your passport (if you are from a visa-required country) or an eTA issued (if visa-exempt). When you arrive in Canada, the border officer will issue the actual Study Permit document. That permit will list conditions (such as the school/program, an expiry date, and usually allow you to work part-time if you study full-time in an eligible institution).
Working while Studying: Most full-time students in post-secondary programs are allowed to work up to 20 hours/week off-campus during school and full-time in scheduled breaks, without a separate work permit (this condition is usually printed on the study permit). If in Québec, the same federal work rules apply once you have a study permit.
Spouse and Children: If you have a spouse or common-law partner, they may be eligible for an open work permit to accompany you (especially if you are studying at a public post-secondary institution or certain private degree-granting schools). Your minor children can attend school in Canada (you may need to apply for study permits for children 6-17, but minor children accompanying a student in Québec are exempt from needing a CAQ themselves). Include their applications with yours for streamlined processing.
Summary: To study in Canada: get accepted by a DLI, (if Québec) get your CAQ, then apply to IRCC with proof of funds and necessary documents. Use the IRCC document checklist and forms (IMM 1294 and others). A study permit is a temporary status, but it can be a pathway to work after graduation (via PGWP) and even permanent residence through programs like the Québec Experience Program (if you graduate in Québec) or federal programs. However, your study permit application should focus only on your study intentions. Ensure you renew your CAQ and study permit in time if your program is extended.
Québec Acceptance Certificate (CAQ) – What It Is and How to Get It
Québec Acceptance Certificate (CAQ) is a document issued by the Québec government for certain temporary statuses in Québec. There are two main types of CAQs: one for studies and one for temporary work. A CAQ is not a visa or permit by itself; rather, it is a prerequisite – Québec’s approval that is needed before the federal government (IRCC) can issue you a study permit or certain types of work permits for Québec.
CAQ for Studies: As explained in the study section, a CAQ for studies is required for international students attending programs longer than 6 months in Québec. To obtain a CAQ for studies, you must apply to MIFI (Québec Immigration) by submitting an application for temporary selection for studies. This process is done online, currently via the Arrima portal. You will need to upload documents (passport, letter of acceptance, financial proofs, etc.) and pay the processing fee (which is around $120–$125 CAD). Once approved, you will receive a letter of approval (Attestation) that you include in your federal study permit application. The CAQ is usually issued for the duration of your study program (up to a maximum of 49 months in many cases). If your study program is longer, you would renew the CAQ later. Important: If you change schools or program level in Québec, you may need to apply for a new CAQ as well as update your study permit.
CAQ for Temporary Work: When it comes to temporary foreign workers in Québec, a CAQ may be required as part of the work permit process. In practice, for most employer-sponsored work permits that require an LMIA(Labour Market Impact Assessment), Québec has a role in approving the job offer. The employer must simultaneously apply to Service Canada (ESDC) for an LMIA and to MIFI for a CAQ (often referred to as Certificat d’acceptation du Québec pour travail). The LMIA application submitted for a Québec job is reviewed by both federal and Quebec authorities. If approved, Service Canada issues an LMIA and Québec issues a CAQ (or a similar approval letter) for the job. As a foreign worker, you would receive a copy of the CAQ along with the LMIA approval, and you must include these when applying for your work permit. In summary, for an employer-specific work permit in Québec: you generally need an LMIA + CAQ before IRCC can issue the work permit. (Some work permits are LMIA-exempt; those typically do not require a CAQ, except certain cases like young workers under International Experience Canada might need a CAQ – but most LMIA-exempt streams are exempt from CAQ as well.)
Example: An IT company in Montréal wants to hire a software developer from abroad. The position is high-skilled and no Canadian is available. The employer applies for an LMIA and submits required forms to MIFI. After approval, the foreign worker gets an LMIA approval letter and a Québec Acceptance Certificate for work. The worker then applies for a work permit, providing these documents. The work permit issued by IRCC will be employer-specific to that company in Montréal.
CAQ Exemptions: Not all temporary work permits for Québec need a CAQ. For instance, open work permits (like a Post-Graduation Work Permit or spousal open work permit) do not require a CAQ because they are not employer-specific and do not involve Québec’s assessment of a job offer. Also, jobs in Québec that are exempt from LMIA (e.g., intra-company transferees, some international agreements like CUSMA/USMCA professionals, etc.) usually don’t require a CAQ. Québec’s involvement is primarily when a labour market test is required for a job in QC.
Application Process for CAQ: The application for a CAQ (either for studies or for a job, though the latter is often employer-led) typically involves filling out forms online and paying a fee. For studies, you (the student) apply directly via the Quebec government’s website. For work, the employer usually coordinates the CAQ as part of the LMIA application (they send you forms to sign regarding your personal information). If you’re in Québec and extending status, the renewal of CAQ should be done well in advance.
Forms and Links: Québec’s immigration website (Quebec.ca) has dedicated sections for applying for a CAQ for studies and for employer steps to hire foreign workers. For studies, the process is described under “Applying for temporary selection for studies” – which essentially is the CAQ application. Universities like McGill, Concordia, etc., also provide guides on how to apply for the CAQ online. The Arrima portal is where you create an account to submit the application. For work CAQs, employers can refer to Quebec’s “Temporary Foreign Worker Program” guidelines; the snippet from Québec’s site says a foreign worker in Québec needs both “A Québec Acceptance Certificate (CAQ), issued by the Gouvernement du Québec” and a “work permit, issued by the Government of Canada” as the two necessary documents.
Validity and Usage: The CAQ for studies must remain valid throughout your study period. If your study will take longer than the CAQ’s validity, renew it before applying to extend your study permit. The CAQ for work is tied to the specific job and duration; it will be valid for the same duration as the work permit you seek (usually up to 2-3 years, depending on the job and LMIA). If you change employer within Québec, a new CAQ (and new LMIA) is needed for the new job.
In summary, the CAQ is a crucial extra step for Québec-bound students and many workers. Failing to obtain a CAQ when required will result in a refusal of the study/work permit by IRCC. Always factor in the time to get the CAQ when planning your application. Fortunately, the CAQ process for studies is fairly straightforward if you follow the instructions and provide the necessary documents.
Work Permits for Foreign Workers: Closed vs Open Work Permits
If you intend to work in Canada temporarily, you will likely need a work permit (unless you are exempt under a very specific situation, such as certain business visitors or work under 6 months that is exempt). There are two broad types of work permits:
Closed Work Permit (Employer-Specific Work Permit): This permit is job-specific – it allows you to work onlyfor the employer named on the permit, at the specified location and for the duration listed. Most closed work permits require the employer to obtain a Labour Market Impact Assessment (LMIA), which is a confirmation that hiring a foreign worker is necessary (no Canadian is available for the job). Some jobs are LMIA-exempt but still employer-specific (for example, intra-company transferees, or working under a free trade agreement like USMCA/CUSMA as a professional – those don’t need an LMIA but you still get a closed permit tied to the employer/job offer).
Applying for a Closed Permit: Typically, the employer gives you either the LMIA approval letter or, if LMIA-exempt, an Offer of Employment number (the employer must submit your job offer and pay an employer compliance fee through IRCC’s Employer Portal to get this number). You include this in your work permit application. According to IRCC, for employer-specific permits the employer must provide you with a job contract and one of: an LMIA or an offer of employment number (if LMIA-exempt). When you fill out the work permit application (IMM 1295), you will specify the employer’s information. The resulting work permit, if approved, will list the employer name, job title, location (sometimes), and an expiry date. You are not allowed to work in any other job than that – if you want to change jobs, you must apply for a new work permit.
Duration: Closed work permits can be issued for up to 2 or 3 years usually, depending on the LMIA or the terms of the exemption. They can often be renewed, but some categories have cumulative duration limits.
Example: You get a job offer from a company in Toronto. They obtain an LMIA. You apply for a work permit with that LMIA. Your work permit comes and lists the company “ABC Inc.” as employer, valid for 2 years. You must work for ABC Inc. only. If you quit or want to switch jobs, a new LMIA (from a new employer) and new permit application are needed.
Open Work Permit: An open work permit allows you to work for any employer in Canada, without needing a specific job offer at the time of application. It is not tied to a particular employer, so you don’t need an LMIA or an offer of employment when applying. However, open permits are only available in certain situations – you must fall under an eligible category to get one. Common examples:
Spousal Open Work Permit: Spouses or common-law partners of certain temporary residents can get an open work permit. For instance, if your spouse is a full-time international student at a public post-secondary institution or is a skilled worker in Canada, you may qualify for a spouse open work permit. This permit lets you work anywhere (with some occupation restrictions if you haven’t done a medical exam). Similarly, spouses of provincial nominees or spouses of skilled work permit holders can often get open permits.
Post-Graduation Work Permit (PGWP): Students who graduate from a Canadian DLI (meeting PGWP criteria) can obtain an open work permit for up to 3 years (length depends on program length). This lets them work for any employer and gain Canadian experience.
Working Holiday Visa: Under the International Experience Canada (IEC) program, youth from certain countries can get an open work permit to travel and work in Canada for a set period (usually 1-2 years).
Bridging Open Work Permit (BOWP): If you have applied for permanent residence under certain programs (e.g., Express Entry) and your current work permit is expiring, you might get a bridging open work permit to “bridge” the gap while waiting for PR, allowing you to continue working openly (this is one of the cases as “applied for PR in Canada”).
Others: Refugee claimants and protected persons can get open work permits. Persons under an unenforceable removal order, or those who have a Temporary Resident Permit valid for 6+ months, are also eligible for open permits. Also, “destitute students” (students who suddenly cannot pay for their studies) could get an open work permit in limited cases.
Open work permits still come with some conditions. IRCC notes that you cannot work for an employer who is ineligible (banned for compliance issues) or in certain industries like adult services. Some open permits may have geographic or occupational restrictions noted (for example, if you didn’t complete a medical exam, your open permit will say you’re not allowed to work in healthcare or childcare jobs). Those are called “restricted” open permits – still open (no specific employer) but not fully unrestricted.
Key Differences – Summary:
A closed work permit ties you to one employer. The employer had to go through steps (LMIA or offer submission) before you apply. If you want to change jobs, the new employer must repeat those steps and you must apply again for a new permit. Closed permits are typical for standard job offers.
An open work permit gives freedom to work for most employers in Canada. But you can only get it if you qualify through a program (spouse, PGWP, etc.). You cannot self-request an open permit unless you meet one of those criteria – IRCC won’t issue an open permit just because you prefer it; there must be a category under which you apply.
Applying for a Work Permit: The process depends on whether you apply from outside Canada or from inside (and your eligibility to apply internally). Generally, you fill IMM 1295 – Application for Work Permit and related forms (IMM 5707 Family Info, etc.), or complete the equivalent online. You provide documents such as the job offer/contract, the LMIA or offer number (for closed permits), proof of relationship (for spousal open permits), proof of graduation (for PGWP), etc., tailored to the type of permit. Fees include a work permit processing fee and, if open permit, an additional CAD $100 open work permit holder fee. Biometrics are required similarly.
For closed permits, your employer might also need to give you a copy of the LMIA and ask for your details for the MIFI CAQ process if in Québec (discussed earlier). For open permits like PGWP or spouse, no employer involvement is needed in your application.
Rights of Workers: Once you have a work permit (closed or open), you are legally allowed to work in Canada under the conditions. You have rights under Canadian labour laws like any worker. Be mindful to extend your permit or change status before it expires if you plan to continue working or stay in Canada.
Tip: If your spouse is coming with you and you have a closed work permit, check if your spouse can get an open work permit. As of 2023, Canada expanded open work permit eligibility to spouses of many work permit holders at all skill levels (temporary policy), meaning more spouses can work. This can be very helpful for family income and gaining Canadian experience.
Skilled Worker Immigration Programs (Permanent Residence)
Canada offers pathways to permanent residence (PR) for skilled workers, both at the federal level and through provincial programs. Québec operates its own skilled worker programs independently from the federal “Express Entry” system. In this section, we’ll cover both:
Québec Skilled Worker Programs (leading to CSQ) – including the Regular Skilled Worker Program and Québec Experience Program (PEQ), which require obtaining a Certificat de sélection du Québec (CSQ) before applying for PR.
Federal Skilled Programs (Express Entry) – including the Federal Skilled Worker (FSW), Canadian Experience Class (CEC), Federal Skilled Trades (FST), often managed via the Express Entry points system, as well as Provincial Nominee Programs (PNP) outside Québec.
Québec Skilled Workers and the CSQ
What is a CSQ? The Certificat de sélection du Québec (CSQ) is an official selection certificate issued by Québec. If you intend to immigrate to Québec as a permanent resident under most economic categories (e.g., skilled worker, investor, entrepreneur), you must have a CSQ. The CSQ is basically Québec’s approval of you as an immigrant; with it, you then apply to the federal government (IRCC) for the permanent residence visa (where things like medical, criminal background, and final admissibility checks are done). Under Canada–Québec agreements, Québec selects its own economic immigrants, while IRCC still makes the final admission decision. Note: Family sponsorship and refugee PR applicants going to Québec do not get a CSQ in the same way; instead, they go through undertakings or other processes. CSQ primarily applies to economic immigration.
Regular Skilled Worker Program (Programme régulier des travailleurs qualifiés – PRTQ): This is Québec’s main skilled worker immigration program for those who have skilled work experience and can potentially settle in Québec. It’s a points-based system considering factors like education, work experience, age, language ability (especially French), connections to Québec, and whether you have a job offer in Québec. Historically, there was a quota and application intake system; since 2018 Québec uses an Expression of Interest system called Arrima.
Process: If you qualify as a skilled worker, you first submit an online profile (Expression of Interest) in Arrima. You provide details about your qualifications. Québec periodically invites candidates from this pool based on its selection criteria or immigration targets. If you receive an invitation, you can then apply for a CSQ by submitting a full application (including documents to prove your qualifications, language test results, etc.). There is a points threshold that you must meet for your application to be considered, based on the Québec points grid (factors include French language proficiency, which is heavily weighted). After submission, MIFI will assess and if you meet the cut-off and all criteria, they will issue a CSQ.
Selection Factors: Education (area of training matters – some fields get bonus points), skilled work experience, age (younger is better), language skills in French and English (French is critical; you get significant points for French at intermediate/advanced levels), existing job offer in Québec (validated by MIFI), spouse’s characteristics (if applicable), and children or financial self-sufficiency. For example, management-level work experience and French fluency can score highly. There is usually a pass mark (e.g., 50 points for a single applicant, 59 for a couple, in the past), though the invitation system means those with higher scores or in-demand profiles get invites first.
Arrima Platform: This is the online portal for Québec immigration. Creating a profile is free. Québec might also select some candidates based on specific occupational or regional criteria (they have done targeted draws for francophones or people already in Québec, for instance). Make sure to update your Arrima profile if your situation changes (new degree, language score, etc.).
After receiving CSQ: Once you have the CSQ, you then apply to IRCC for permanent residence as a Québec-selected skilled worker. IRCC will require medical exams, police certificates, and check that you are not inadmissible (security/criminality). But you won’t be assessed again on points at the federal stage – the selection part is deemed done by Québec. IRCC’s role is now verifying health and security and ensuring you still intend to go to Québec. (You must sign a declaration of intent to reside in Québec – IRCC Schedule 5 form – with your PR application.)
Québec Experience Program (Programme de l’expérience québécoise – PEQ): The PEQ is a simplified fast-track CSQ program for candidates with Québec experience – specifically:
International students who graduated from qualifying Québec institutions, and
Temporary foreign workers in Québec with a certain amount of full-time work experience.
The idea is to retain talent already in Québec. PEQ has somewhat different criteria:
PEQ for Québec Graduates: You must have obtained an eligible diploma in Québec (e.g., a university degree or certain college diplomas). As of recent regulations, you also must have studied in French or prove a certain level of French ability (at least advanced intermediate). In fact, one condition is at least 50% of your program’s instruction was in French or you pass an approved French test (level B2 or higher). You also need to show you’ve lived in Québec for at least half of your study program. Work experience is not required for PEQ-Graduate (aside from any mandatory internship for your degree). After graduation, if you meet criteria, you can apply for CSQ through PEQ.
PEQ for Workers: You need at least 24 months of full-time work experience in Québec in a skilled occupation (National Occupational Classification TEER 0, 1, 2, or 3 which used to be level 0, A, B) within the last 36 months. The work doesn’t have to be with the same employer, but it must be skilled and legal. You must be employed in Québec at the time of application. French requirement: demonstrate advanced intermediate knowledge of spoken French (usually via a test like TEF/TCF or by having completed schooling in French medium, etc.). Spouses of applicants must also meet a basic French requirement now (or the principal applicant must commit to fulfilling certain integration steps for them, a rule added in recent reforms).
Processing and Simplicity: PEQ is designed to be simpler: it does not use a points grid. It’s more about meeting the set criteria (experience + French + others). If you meet all conditions and submit the required documents, you get the CSQ relatively quickly (the government’s standard was around 6 months or less, though processing times can fluctuate). This is much faster than the Regular program, which can take longer or has uncertainty of invitation.
Application: As of 2020, the PEQ application became a bit more involved (added the spouse French, longer work experience requirement – it used to be 12 months for workers). Still, it’s a straightforward paper (or online via Arrima) application with forms (the Demande de sélection permanente – PEQ form plus supporting documents). For example, there is a form A-0520-IF (for PEQ workers) where you fill personal info and attach documents, and similarly for graduates. These forms are available on Quebec’s website, and as of 2024, submission is done through Arrima (you fill the form and then upload it and documents in the portal).
Other Québec Programs: Québec also has business immigration streams (Investor, Entrepreneur, Self-Employed – discussed in a later section) which also lead to CSQ, and some pilot programs (for example, in 2021 Québec launched pilot programs for orderlies, food processing workers, tech workers, etc., which grant CSQs to certain workers in those fields). But the Regular Skilled Worker and PEQ are the primary pathways for skilled individuals.
Important: A CSQ is not a visa. After obtaining it, you must apply for PR to the federal government. Until you have the federal approval and the COPR (Confirmation of Permanent Residence), you are not a PR. However, having a CSQ may allow you to obtain a Bridging Open Work Permit if you are already in Canada on a work permit and your status is expiring while waiting for PR.
French Language: Since Québec places a high emphasis on French, it is difficult to qualify for these programs without some French ability. While the Regular program (Arrima) doesn’t absolutely require French, in practice the points system favors francophones strongly. PEQ explicitly requires French. If you’re planning to immigrate to Québec, investing in learning French will greatly improve your chances for the CSQ and also your integration into Québec society.
Federal Skilled Worker Programs (Express Entry and PNP)
Outside of Québec, skilled workers have a variety of programs, the most prominent being those managed through Express Entry. Québec-selected applicants do not use Express Entry, but if you’re open to living in other provinces (or if you are a French speaker open to other provinces, for instance), you can consider these as well. Since the question asks for both Québec and federal, here’s an overview:
Express Entry: This is an online system IRCC uses to manage and invite skilled worker immigrants for PR. It covers three federal programs:
Federal Skilled Worker (FSW): for skilled workers abroad or in Canada, who meet criteria in education, work experience, etc.
Canadian Experience Class (CEC): for those with at least 1 year of skilled work experience in Canada.
Federal Skilled Trades (FST): for qualified tradespeople with job offers or certifications in specific trades.
Express Entry is points-driven via the Comprehensive Ranking System (CRS). After you declare your profile, you get a CRS score out of 1200. Periodically, IRCC conducts rounds of invitations, inviting the highest-ranked candidates to apply for PR. If invited, you have 60 days to submit your PR application with all documents.
Eligibility: FSW requires meeting minimums (at least 1 year continuous full-time work experience, language test with CLB 7 or higher, proof of funds, etc., and scoring 67 points on the FSW points grid). CEC requires 1 year in Canada (no proof of funds needed if CEC only). All Express Entry candidates must take an approved language test (IELTS, CELPIP for English; or TEF, TCF for French) and, if educated abroad, get an Educational Credential Assessment for foreign degrees. They also need to show settlement funds unless exempt.
CRS scoring: It favors age 20-29, higher education, strong language (especially bilingual English/French gets extra points), Canadian experience, and offers of employment or provincial nominations. Maximum points (600 out of 1200) are given if you get a Provincial Nominee through Express Entry. Express Entry has introduced category-based draws as well, for example focusing on francophone or bilingual candidates in mid-2023 to boost Francophone immigration outside Québec.
Process: 1) Create profile online (meeting minimum criteria). 2) Enter the pool and get CRS score. 3) Wait for invitation. 4) If invited (called ITA – Invitation to Apply), you then apply for PR by uploading documents (police certificates, medical exam, proof of work experience, proof of funds, etc.). 5) IRCC processes the application (target ~6 months). If approved, you become a PR. Note: If you declare in your Express Entry profile that you plan to live in Québec, you actually might be deemed ineligible because Express Entry is intended for those outside Québec. So Express Entry is generally for those intending to live in other provinces. (Nothing stops a PR from later moving to Québec, as mobility rights apply, but Québec does not participate in Express Entry.)
Provincial Nominee Program (PNP): Provinces and territories (except Québec and Nunavut) have their own immigration streams targeting specific needs (skilled workers, semi-skilled, entrepreneurs, etc.). A province can nominateyou for PR. Some PNP streams are aligned with Express Entry (you need an Express Entry profile first; if the province nominates you, you get 600 CRS points, virtually guaranteeing an ITA). Other PNP streams are outside Express Entry (a slower paper process). For example, Ontario has tech worker streams, Alberta might target certain occupations, Atlantic provinces have regional programs. Each province’s programs have their own criteria – often requiring a job offer in that province or that you have studied there, etc., though some have streams for candidates in the Express Entry pool without job offers.
If you get a provincial nomination, you must intend to reside in that province (at least initially). PNP nominations require an application to the province first, then a PR application to IRCC. Under the Express Entry PNP process, it’s: apply to province -> get “nomination certificate” -> update Express Entry to accept nomination -> receive ITA -> apply to IRCC. Under the non-Express PNP, it’s: apply to province -> get nomination -> submit paper PR application to IRCC (processing can be longer, ~18-24 months). PNP is a major pathway, second to Express Entry in numbers, and particularly useful for those who narrowly miss Express Entry criteria or have a connection to a specific province.
Skilled Immigration Summary: For the federal skilled programs, Express Entry is king. It’s a competitive system – there is no guarantee of invitation unless you have a very strong profile or a provincial nomination. On the other hand, for Québec, if you focus on Québec programs, you bypass Express Entry and deal with Québec’s criteria. In either case, the end result is permanent residence. If you apply through Québec, you sign an intent to reside in Québec and are expected to live there. If you go through Express Entry or a PNP, you’re expected to reside in the nominating province (or any province outside Quebec, for federal programs).
Forms and Links: The Express Entry process is mostly online. If invited, you fill out digital forms (eAPR). For completeness, after getting an ITA, you’ll fill forms like the electronic IMM 0008, Schedule A, etc., in the PR portal. For PNP, each province has its own forms/portals. Federal PR application for PNP uses generic forms plus a Schedule 4 (economic classes – provincial nominee). The IMM 5690 checklist and IMM 0008 Schedule 5 are used for Québec-selected PR applications (Schedule 5 declares your intent to live in Québec).
In conclusion, Canada provides skilled workers multiple avenues: Québec’s CSQ route if you have or plan to get ties to Québec, and Express Entry/PNP for the rest of Canada. Research both if you are flexible. Make sure you don’t apply to two streams that conflict (e.g., it’s fine to have an Express Entry profile and also apply for Québec, but if a federal officer sees a pending CSQ they’ll expect you to use that route). Choose the path that best fits your qualifications and language abilities.
Business Immigration Programs (Investors, Entrepreneurs, Self-Employed)
Canada and Québec both have programs to attract investors and entrepreneurs who can contribute economically. These are pathways to permanent residence for those with business experience and significant financial resources or business ideas.
Québec Business Programs:
Québec has a long-standing Investor Program, as well as Entrepreneur and Self-Employed streams.
Québec Immigrant Investor Program (QIIP): This program is for high-net-worth individuals who can make a large passive investment in Québec. Historically, the requirement was a net worth of at least CAD $2 million and an investment of CAD $1.2 million in a Quebec government bond or fund for 5 years (the investment is passive and guaranteed by the government, and refundable after 5 years, hence “passive investor”). The program also requires at least 2 years of management/business experience in the past 5 years. There are some education requirements (at least a secondary diploma) and since 2021, a French language requirement was introduced: applicants must have at least an oral French level of 7 on Quebec’s scale (roughly B2 level). Quebec’s investor program had been on hold since 2019 to reduce backlogs, but according to recent updates, it was slated to resume on January 1, 2024 with updated criteria. Investors who are accepted get a CSQ, and then apply for PR federally. One important update to QIIP is a residency condition: new investor immigrants are expected to reside in Québec for at least 6 months in the two years after obtaining PR, and initially they actually receive a work permit while waiting for PR to encourage early settlement. This is to ensure Québec actually benefits from the presence of the investor (previously many investor immigrants didn’t actually settle in Québec).
Due to limited intake and high demand, QIIP operates on intake periods/quotas. It’s advisable to engage with a financial intermediary approved by the Quebec government if pursuing this route, as the process involves significant financial transactions. Forms: The application involves extensive forms and documentation about assets and source of funds. The Quebec immigration site provides specific forms for investors, and a hefty processing fee (currently around CAD $18,000 for the application).
Québec Entrepreneur Program: This is for candidates who want to actively start or acquire a business in Québec. There are different streams:
Stream 1: for entrepreneurs backed by a business accelerator, incubator, or university entrepreneurship center in Québec. The focus here is on innovative start-ups. If you have a tech startup or innovative business idea and can get accepted into a recognized incubator/accelerator in Québec, you may qualify without minimum asset or investment thresholds – the key is the support of the incubator and viability of the project.
Stream 2: for entrepreneurs who will start or buy a business in Québec for which they control at least 25% equity (or 51% if buying an existing business). This stream requires a minimum investment (often around $200,000 CAD or more, depending on location and whether the business is outside Montreal, etc.) and a minimum net worth (historically around $900,000). It also requires the business to create at least one full-time job for a Canadian or PR (other than the owner).
Both streams have a selection grid with points (taking into account age, education, language, financial capacity, business plan, etc.). Proficiency in French greatly helps but there are some non-francophone entrepreneur spots each year. Entrepreneur applicants submit a detailed business plan. If approved, they get a CSQ with conditions to fulfill (like implementing the business). There may be an interview in Québec to discuss the project. Forms: Similar to other CSQ programs, there’s a “Demande de sélection permanente – Entrepreneur” form and required documents (proof of assets, business plan, etc.).
Québec Self-Employed Program: This is a smaller program for individuals who will practice a profession or trade on their own in Québec (essentially creating their own job, e.g., an artisan, a consultant, a freelance professional). Requirements include a minimum net worth (around $100,000) and at least 2 years of experience in the profession you intend to practice. You also must be able to make a start-up deposit ($25,000 if in Montreal area, $10,000 outside Montreal) at a financial institution in Québec, showing you have operating funds. This program also uses a points grid including factors like age, education, language, etc., but is distinct from the federal self-employed program. Many self-employed applicants (like artists or athletes) might also qualify under the federal program, but the Québec one is there for those specifically wishing to settle in Québec. French language and connections to Québec help in points here as well.
Federal Business Programs:
The federal government no longer has a passive investor program (it was closed in 2014). However, there are other avenues:
Start-Up Visa (SUV) Program: This is a federal program for innovative entrepreneurs who have the support of designated organizations in Canada. If you have a tech startup or innovative business idea, you can pitch it to designated venture capital funds, angel investor groups, or startup incubators in Canada. If one of these designated organizations agrees to support/invest in your startup, you can then apply for PR through the Start-Up Visa Program. Requirements: you need a letter of support from a designated organization, meet a basic language requirement (CLB 5 in English or French), have enough funds to settle (similar to other economic streams, since you won’t necessarily have income initially), and of course, pass background checks. The unique aspect is that up to 5 co-founders can apply together if they all are essential to the business and have support. The business must be intended to be innovative, create jobs in Canada, and be globally competitive.
One big advantage: if you’re approved under the SUV, you become a PR without the business having to succeed (the PR is not conditional on business success). The risk is mainly on the applicant to actually launch the business. Given IRCC processing can be slow, many applicants also get a short-term work permit to come to Canada and start building the startup while the PR is in process. SUV processing times have grown (often >2 years), and IRCC has recently implemented caps due to huge interest. But it remains a unique pathway for entrepreneurial folks who may not have a lot of money but have a great idea and the ability to secure investor/incubator backing.
Self-Employed Persons (Federal): This program is aimed at individuals with relevant experience in cultural or athletic activities who are able and intend to make a “significant contribution” to Canada’s cultural or athletic life. Essentially, if you are an artist, actor, musician, writer, athlete, coach, etc., with a successful career (usually at least 2 years of self-employed experience or participation at a world-class level in your field), you can apply for PR as a self-employed person. There is a points system (out of 100, pass mark 35) considering experience, education, age, language, adaptability. Notably, no job offer is required and no minimum net worth (though you must show you have enough to settle and become self-employed in Canada). The challenge is convincing the visa officer that your skills will let you be self-employed in Canada and contribute to the cultural/athletic scene. For example, a graphic designer with a portfolio and steady freelance income, or a painter with exhibitions, or a former Olympian coach could qualify. The federal self-employed program has been paused for new intake as of 2023 (IRCC paused it to clear backlogs). When open, it’s a slow process (often taking years for processing). But it is a PR pathway for talented individuals in arts and sports.
Provincial Entrepreneur Programs: Outside Québec, many provinces run entrepreneur streams (often under PNP). For example, Ontario Entrepreneur Program, BCPNP Entrepreneur, etc. These typically require you to start or buy a business in that province, with a certain investment (e.g., $200k, $300k, depends on province and location) and net worth (e.g., $600k+). Usually, they issue a work permit first – you come, implement your business, and only after meeting conditions (running business for a year, hitting investment/job targets) you get nominated for PR. These are not federal programs per se but are important to mention as an option. Each province’s criteria differ, and some have specific streams for farm investors, international graduates who want to start business, etc. If Québec isn’t your only choice, you could consider these.
Important Points on Business Immigration: Business programs often involve complex business plans, significant documentation of finances, and sometimes interviews. Due diligence on source of funds is rigorous (especially for investor programs). If you’re considering one of these, it might be wise to consult an immigration professional due to the complexity.
Where to find forms/info: For Québec, the official Quebec immigration site has sections for Investors, Entrepreneurs, and Self-employed with application guides and form downloads. For the Start-Up Visa, IRCC’s webpage outlines the program and lists designated organizations you can approach. For Self-Employed, IRCC’s program page describes eligibility. Application for Self-Employed uses Generic IMM 0008 and a Schedule 6A.
Bottom line: Business immigration is a route for those who might not qualify as a skilled employee but have capital or business skills to invest. Québec provides a direct investor route (unique in Canada) and entrepreneur routes geared to francophone or committed business persons. The federal programs focus on innovation (SUV) or cultural/athletic contribution (Self-employed). Choose a program that matches your profile and be prepared for detailed applications.
“Emergency” Visa – Temporary Resident Permit (TRP) and Urgent Travel
Sometimes individuals who would not normally be allowed to enter or stay in Canada (due to inadmissibility or lack of proper documents) have a compelling need to be in Canada temporarily. In such cases, Canadian immigration law provides for a Temporary Resident Permit (TRP), which is often what people mean by an “emergency visa.” A TRP is a discretionary permit that allows someone who is otherwise inadmissible or ineligible to enter or remain in Canada for a specified period, if their reason is justified despite the inadmissibility.
When is a TRP Used? Common scenarios:
A person with a criminal record (e.g., a DUI conviction) who is technically inadmissible to Canada has an urgent need to come (say, a family emergency or important business meeting). They can apply for a TRP to be allowed in despite inadmissibility, if they convince the officer their need outweighs any risk.
A person who does not meet the requirements for a regular visa or permit but has humanitarian reasons – e.g., a visiting family member of a Canadian who didn’t get a visa in time for a funeral might be issued a TRP at the airport.
Someone in Canada whose status expired and who cannot obtain restoration normally, but leaving Canada would cause extreme hardship – they might be able to get a TRP to legalize their status temporarily.
Inadmissibility reasons can include health (if you are inadmissible due to, say, untreated tuberculosis, though that specific case is unlikely to get a TRP unless treatment protocols in place), criminality, or security issues. TRPs are often given for criminal inadmissibility that is minor or if the sentence was very small, and especially if the person is not eligible yet for criminal rehabilitation.
How to Get a TRP: If outside Canada, you usually apply for a TRV (visitor visa) and include a request for a TRP, explaining the circumstances of your inadmissibility and reasons for travel. There isn’t a standalone TRP application form for outside Canada – you use the visa application process or at a Port of Entry you ask a border officer. If you are from a visa-exempt country, you would submit a TRP request to the visa office or possibly be able to discuss it at the port of entry (though one shouldn’t just turn up inadmissible without prior arrangements). If you are inside Canada and need a TRP (to extend your stay or because you’ve lost status and are inadmissible), there is an application process with form IMM 5708 or IMM 5524 (for extension) and including explanation.
It’s ultimately an officer’s decision. They will assess if your need to enter/stay outweighs the risk to Canada. They consider factors like: the seriousness of your inadmissibility, the purpose of your stay, what positive contribution or benefit is there, and what would happen if you aren’t let in. For example, a one-time entry to attend a funeral might be seen favorably even if you have a minor criminal record, whereas a person with a more serious crime might not be allowed unless perhaps it’s a life-and-death situation.
Urgent Processing of Visas: Aside from TRPs, IRCC can expedite processing of regular TRVs or permits in urgent humanitarian situations (like needing to visit a critically ill family member, etc.). If you have a genuine emergency and you need a visitor visa fast, you can request priority processing by sending a webform or email after applying, with proof of the emergency. For instance, IRCC might prioritize a visa for a funeral or to support a Canadian in an emergency. This is not a distinct “visa type” but just faster processing.
Duration and Conditions of TRP: A TRP can be issued for days, weeks, months, or years – depending on the reason. Often, it’s just long enough to cover the need (e.g., a two-week TRP for a short visit). It can be extended from inside Canada if circumstances warrant. While on a TRP, if it’s long-term, you may get access to things like a work permit or healthcare after a certain period. However, a TRP can be cancelled at any time by an officer and becomes invalid once you leave Canada (unless explicitly allowed for re-entry).
There is a fee of $200 CAD for a TRP issuance (this fee can be waived in very specific situations, like if you have a single DUI from before December 2018, there’s currently a fee waiver as a policy – but generally $200). If refused, the fee is not refunded.
Example: You have a minor assault conviction from many years ago – under normal rules you’d be inadmissible. You haven’t gone through criminal rehabilitation yet. You need to attend your sibling’s wedding in Canada. You could apply for a TRP with proof of the event and an explanation that you pose no real risk (provide court documents of the offense, show you’ve been law-abiding since, etc.). An officer, seeing the compassionate reason, might approve a one-time TRP for a week so you can attend, despite inadmissibility. On arrival, the border officer will issue the actual TRP paper.
Temporary Resident Permit vs. Temporary Resident Visa: Don’t confuse these. A Temporary Resident Visa (TRV) is the normal entry visa for visitors. A Temporary Resident Permit (TRP) is an exceptional permit for inadmissible or ineligible persons. The word “permit” here indicates it’s overcoming something that otherwise prohibits entry.
When people say "emergency visa", they usually fall into: either expediting a regular visa, or obtaining a TRP.
In summary, TRPs are a tool to handle exceptions. They are not guaranteed and are granted case-by-case. If you think you need one, you should present a strong case for why you should be allowed in Canada when normally you would not. Supporting letters (for instance, from a doctor if coming to care for someone sick, or from family, etc.) can help. And once the urgent situation is over, you are expected to leave (unless you obtain another status or remedy the inadmissibility permanently through means like criminal rehabilitation).
Refugees and Asylum
Canada has a humanitarian tradition of offering protection to refugees. There are two main pathways:
Refugee Protection from within Canada (Asylum claim) – for people who come to Canada and make a refugee claim (asylum seekers).
Resettlement from abroad – for people recognized as refugees (by UNHCR or private sponsors) who are selected overseas and come to Canada as permanent residents.
Additionally, there are private sponsorship programs where Canadian groups sponsor refugee(s) from abroad.
Asylum Claims in Canada (Refugee Claimants):
If you are already in Canada or at a port of entry (airport or land border) and fear persecution or risk of harm in your home country, you can apply for refugee protection (make an asylum claim). The process is roughly:
Making the Claim: If at a port of entry, you tell the border officer you want to make a refugee claim. If inside Canada, you can submit a claim online or go to an IRCC office to do so. Canada has an agreement with the US (Safe Third Country Agreement) which generally requires claimants who came through the US to claim asylum in the first country, so if you enter from the US, you may be refused at a land border unless you qualify under an exception (family in Canada, unaccompanied minor, etc.). Recent changes (March 2023) have expanded this to apply between ports of entry as well, meaning it’s harder to just cross irregularly from the US and be allowed to claim asylum — most will be sent back unless an exception.
Eligibility Screening: When you claim asylum, an officer (IRCC or CBSA) will do an eligibility interview. They check if you are eligible to have your claim referred to the Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB). Reasons a claim could be ineligible: you have already been recognized as a refugee in another country; you’ve made a prior claim in Canada before; you came via the US (STCA applies and no exception); or certain serious criminality issues, etc. If you’re eligible, your claim is referred to the IRB’s Refugee Protection Division (RPD) for a hearing.
Basis of Claim (BOC) Form: Every claimant must submit a form called the Basis of Claim where you write down your story – why you fear persecution in your home country, relevant details, chronology of events, etc. If you claimed at a port of entry, you’re given a short time (normally 15 days) to submit your BOC to the IRB. If you claimed inland via the online system, you fill the BOC as part of the online submission. This document is critical; it forms the basis of your case.
Waiting for Hearing: Once your claim is referred, you are generally allowed to stay in Canada until a decision is made. You can apply for a work permit after completing your medical exam, so that you can work while waiting (usually claimants get a work permit within a few months). You may also access interim health coverage for urgent medical needs. The wait for a hearing can range from a few months to a couple of years, depending on backlogs and the complexity of the case. All asylum claimants undergo security screening (background checks) in the meantime.
The Refugee Hearing: The IRB Refugee Protection Division will invite you to a hearing. A board member will consider your case. It’s somewhat like a tribunal – you (and your lawyer or counsel if you have one) will present your case, answer questions, and the member will decide if you meet the definition of a Convention Refugee(persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or particular social group) or a person in need of protection (at risk of torture, cruel treatment or life-threatening situation in your country). It’s meant to be non-adversarial (there’s no opposing lawyer, except in some cases involving serious criminality where a Minister’s counsel might intervene). Many claimants hire immigration lawyers or certified consultants to help prepare evidence (like news articles, expert letters about country conditions, etc.) and to represent them at the hearing. Interpreters are provided if needed.
Decision: If your claim is accepted, you become a “protected person” and can apply for permanent residence (and eventually citizenship). If your claim is rejected, you may have the right to appeal to the Refugee Appeal Division (RAD) unless you fall into exceptions (some people from certain countries or with certain cases cannot appeal at RAD). You could also seek judicial review in Federal Court. If all appeals fail, you’ll be asked to leave Canada (removal order becomes enforceable). However, before removal, you might get a Pre-Removal Risk Assessment (PRRA) which is a last check if conditions changed and you’d be at risk. Some failed claimants alternatively try to apply on humanitarian and compassionate (H&C) grounds for PR after a waiting period.
Status During Process: As a refugee claimant, you are not a PR; you have a temporary legal stay. You cannot travel outside Canada (if you do, you’re deemed to have abandoned the claim in most cases). You also do not have a Canadian passport or travel document at this stage (if you get accepted as a refugee, you can get a Refugee Travel Document later). You use your work permit or acknowledgement of claim as ID in Canada.
Refugee Resettlement (Outside Canada):
Canada also resettles refugees from abroad, in cooperation with UNHCR and private sponsors:
Government-Assisted Refugees (GARs): These are refugees identified by UNHCR or other referral organizations, who are then sponsored by the Canadian government. They usually come from refugee camps or difficult situations abroad. Upon arrival, they are permanent residents and receive support from government-funded agencies for up to one year (financial support and services to integrate).
Privately Sponsored Refugees (PSRs): These are refugees overseas who are sponsored by private Canadian groups – either Sponsorship Agreement Holders (SAHs) (organizations authorized to sponsor refugees regularly) or groups of five Canadian citizens/PRs or community organizations. The private sponsors commit to providing financial and social support to the refugee(s) for one year upon arrival. Many community groups, faith groups, or even ad-hoc groups of friends use this to sponsor specific refugees (often people they have identified). The sponsors must show they have enough funds (there’s a formula roughly equal to social assistance levels) and a settlement plan. Note: In Québec, private sponsorships go through a slightly different process – Quebec has its own agreement and the Ministère (MIFI) must approve sponsorships for refugees destined to Québec. Quebec sets an annual quota for private sponsorships and uses its own forms (Engagements).
Blended Visa Office-Referred (BVOR) refugees: A mix of the above – refugees referred by UNHCR that are matched with private sponsors. The government and private sponsors split the support responsibilities.
Process for Resettlement: Refugees cannot directly apply to move to Canada (except by being a sponsored case or referred). If you are overseas and in need of protection, typically you must be recognized as a refugee by UNHCR or be in a refugee-like situation. The application for resettlement (for PSRs and BVOR) involves forms including the IMM 6000 package – which has forms for the principal applicant and family (Generic Application IMM 0008, Schedule A Background, Schedule 2 Refugee Outside Canada which is basically your refugee story, and other supporting docs) and forms for the sponsors (like Sponsorship Undertaking and Settlement Plan). The sponsors submit the whole package to IRCC (or to MIFI for Quebec who then forward to IRCC). IRCC reviews the sponsors (for financial capability) and then processes the refugee’s application (including interviews, security screening, medical, etc.).
If all goes well, the refugee is granted a visa and travels to Canada (travel is often arranged by IOM and an interest-free loan given for travel costs which the refugee repays later in small installments). Upon arrival, they become permanent residents.
Protected Persons in Canada (Asylum claimants who were accepted) and Resettled Refugees both receive permanent residence, but via different routes. Resettled refugees are PR on arrival, whereas inland accepted claimants have to apply for PR after the IRB decision (this is usually a formality as they’ve already been deemed protected; they cannot be refused PR except for serious inadmissibilities like criminality that might have arisen).
Travel Documents: Refugees and protected persons who don’t have a national passport can get a Canadian Refugee Travel Document after becoming PR (or a Refugee Travel Document as a protected person before PR in limited cases) which is accepted by many countries for travel (except the bearer’s country of persecution, typically).
Statelessness and Humanitarian: Canada also sometimes offers solutions for stateless individuals or others under H&C grounds, but those are case-by-case.
Recent Developments: Canada has at times introduced special programs for specific refugee crises (for example, the recent intake of Syrian refugees in 2015-2016, or special programs for Afghan refugees who assisted Canada, or the current program for Ukrainians which is temporary residence, not refugee, but a response to crisis). It’s worth keeping an eye on IRCC updates for any new pathways.
Conclusion: Refugee and asylum processes are complex but meant to protect those who truly need refuge. If you think you are a refugee, the path depends on where you are: if you’re already in Canada, an asylum claim is the way; if you’re overseas, you typically need a sponsorship or referral. The benefit is secure permanent status and eventually the prospect of citizenship, but the journey involves thorough verification and often difficult waiting periods. For sponsors, bringing a refugee to safety in Canada is rewarding but a serious commitment.
References:
The information provided in this guide is based on the latest available resources and official instructions as of 2025:
Government of Canada immigration and visa guides and form instructions (IRCC), which detail program requirements and procedures.
Gouvernement du Québec immigration guidelines for provincial programs like sponsorship undertakings, CAQ and CSQ processes, and criteria for Quebec’s skilled and business programs.
IRCC Help Centre articles and official web pages for specific questions (open work permits, eTA, etc.).
The Immigration and Refugee Board and IRCC news releases for refugee claim procedures and Safe Third Country updates.
Each immigration scenario is unique, so always refer to official IRCC and MIFI websites for the most current forms and detailed guides before applying. This comprehensive overview should serve as a roadmap to navigate the many pathways of Canadian and Québec immigration.
